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In Lake Erie, the re-occurrence of wide spread algae blooms has been observed in recent years. In Lakes Michigan, Huron and Ontario the algae problem is limited to the nearshore zones. Algae are not generally a problem in Lake Superior. Algae blooms are linked to excess nutrient loadings to the lakes resulting from urban and rural agricultural and non-agricultural sources. While there are many types of nutrients, it is generally understood that the algae problem in the Great Lakes is best addressed by limiting phosphorus.

1a. Targets

The following are some considerations for how to establish targets in an amended GLWQA for the control of excess phosphorus loadings:

* Use best available science to establish a single target for phosphorus concentrations and apply throughout the Great Lakes.

* Use best available science to establish phosphorus targets concentrations specific to each lake.

* Use best available science to establish phosphorus targets concentrations specific to each lake and to specific areas within each lake including the nearshore zones.

1b. Targets

The following are some considerations for whether or not to consider socio-economic factors in establishing targets for the control of excess phosphorus loadings in amendments to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement:

* Socio-economic factors should not be considered. Phosphorus targets should be based on best available science and should be set at levels that will eliminate excess algae development.

* Socio-economic factors are important. Phosphorus targets should be set in relation to lake ecosystem objectives established based on consideration of social, economic, human health and environmental factors.

2. Action

The following are some considerations for how an amended GLWQA may address the translation of targets into actions for the control of excess phosphorus loadings:

* Establish target concentrations for Phosphorus and commit the Parties to regularly report on progress on actions taken to meet these targets.

* Establish target concentrations for Phosphorus and commit the Parties to develop and report on the implementation of Phosphorus management plans.

* Establish target concentrations for Phosphorus and commit the Parties to develop and report on the implementation of Phosphorus management plans, with particular emphasis on actions in key watersheds.